Congiunzioni e connettivi in inglese
Introduzione
Le congiunzioni, o i connettivi più in generale, servono a mettere in relazione frasi o elementi di esse.
Le congiunzioni coordinanti
Le congiunzioni coordinanti possono introdurre verbi, sostantivi, aggettivi, avverbi, gruppi di parole od una proposizione coordinata.
Conjunction | Pronuncia | Congiunzione |
---|---|---|
and | [ænd]/ [ɛnd] | e |
but | [bʌt] | ma |
for | [fɔɹ]/ [foː(ɹ)] | perché/ poiché; |
nor | [nɔɹ] | né/ neanche; |
or | [ɔɹ] | oppure |
so | [soʊ] | così, allora |
yet | [jɛt] | tuttavia/ eppure |
Se non stressate, le congiunzioni "and", "but", "for", "or" si leggono rispettivamente [ən]/ [n̩], [bət], [fɚ]/ [fə] e [ɚ].
Esempi
Esempio | Esempio |
---|---|
This morning I read a book and I took a walk. | Frankie didn't come, nor did Angela. |
She's smart and cute. | For dinner I don't want spinach or any other veggies. |
I drank a coffee and a glass of water. | Are you going out or are you staying home this Saturday? |
This computer is fast but too expensive. | He was annoying me, so I went away. |
They initially wanted to come, but then changed their minds. | It was raining, so we came home. |
For pond water contains many pathogens, it shouldn't be ingested. | He prepared very well, yet he could not make it to the finales. |
He didn't go to the gym on Monday, nor on Tuesday. | It's horrible, yet so fascinating. |
Le congiunzioni subordinanti
Le congiunzioni subordinanti, che ricomprendono molti avverbi impiegati con funzionione di connettivi, servono a connettere una proposizione subordinata ad una proposizione indipendente. Le proposizioni subordinate servono ad aggiungere informazioni non essenziali, come ad esempio relazioni casua-effetto oppure il luogo o il tempo di svolgimento della proposizione principale.
In caso la subordinata preceda la proposizione reggente, quest'ultima deve essere introdotta da una virgola:
- We left after the movie ended.
(Ce ne siamo andati dopo che il film è finito) - After the movie ended, we left.
(Ce ne siamo andati dopo che il film è finito)
Conjunction | Congiunzione | Conjunction | Congiunzione | |
---|---|---|---|---|
after | dopo | otherwise | altrimenti | |
although | nonostante | provided (that) | a patto che | |
as | poiché/ come/ mentre | rather than | piuttosto che | |
as if/ as though | come se | since | dal momento in cui | |
as long as | fintanto che | so (that)/ in order that | così (che) | |
as.. as | tanto quanto | supposing (that) | supponendo che | |
as soon as | appena | than | di/ che | |
because | perché/ siccome | that | che | |
before | prima di | though | tuttavia/ nonostante | |
by the time | per quando | till/ until | fino a che | |
even if/ even though | anche se | unless | a meno che | |
if | se | when | quando | |
in case | in caso | whenever | ogni volta che | |
in order to | così che | where | dove | |
in the event that | nel caso in cui | whereas | mentre, invece | |
now that | ora che | wherever | ovunque | |
once | una volta che | whether | se | |
only | solamente che, ma | whether or not | se.. o meno | |
only if | a patto che | while | mentre |
La congiunzione "if" può avere sia funzione di congiunzione condizionale, utile alla costruzione del periodo ipotetico, sia comparativa, mentre "whether" solamente di congiunzione comparativa:
- If that had been the case, I would not have said it.
(Se fosse stato così, non l'avrei detto) - I don't know if they already know it.
(Non so se già lo sanno) - I don't know whether they already know it.
(Non so se già lo sanno)
La congiunzione "while" può avere sia la funzione di congiunzione comparativa che temporale, invece "whereas" solamente comparativa:
- I was talking with Ida while the others were playing cards.
(Stavo parlando con Ida mentre gli altri giocavano a carte) - Ida likes painting, while I don't. (A Ida piace dipingere, mentre a me no)
- Ida likes painting, whereas I don't.
(A Ida piace dipingere, mentre a me no)
Esempi
Esempio | Esempio |
---|---|
I will go to the grocery store after I finish the chapter. | They must hurry, otherwise they'll miss their flight. |
Although I told him not to do so, he did. | Provided you give us money in time to buy tickets, you will be able to come. |
As the work was a mess, we had to start all over again. | I would stay home all night rather than going out with them. |
I proceeded as you asked. | Since I said nothing to you, you must say nothing to me. |
As they were entering the room, the chandelier fell down on the floor. | We arrived early so that we come practice a bit more. |
He acted completely normal as if nothing had happened. | Supposing that he invites you to his birthday party, would you go? |
Study hard as long as you have the opportunity. | It's easier to read English than to speak it. |
He tried as much as he could. | I told you that it was a bad idea. |
We called you because we needed your advice. | I thought that you would come. |
Before leaving the house, remember to shut all the windows. | Though it was dark out, they went for a walk. |
By the time the music stopped, the club was already half empty. | You will train till you're exhausted. |
Even though I was tired, I kept on training. | Unless she doesn't call me first, I won't call her. |
Do you know if she's coming to the party? | I was working on my website when you called me. |
If it's okay with Matt, we can go to the mountains. | Whenever I see this tree, I think of you. |
I take some probiotics with me in case I get some gut problems. | I don't remember where I put my keys. |
Farmers grow the plants in greenhouses in order to prevent them from getting too much sun. | I like working for my future, whereas he prefers to laze around. |
In the event that we arrive late, we will go to another restaurant. | The police will find you wherever you hide. |
Now that we are done, we can go to the park. | Do you know whether she likes veggies? |
Once you finish cutting the grass, let me know. | I don't care whether or not they come. |
I would come, only I don't have time. | Clara was sleeping while Jacob was watching TV. |
I will help you only if you pay me. | My friends want to go to Spain on vacation, while I don't. |